Rabu, 15 Oktober 2014

The Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech


I try to find out and analyze the direct and indirect speech in the two articles which are entitled TEPCO shareholders demand end to N-power and Policy pragmatist. The analysis consists of the change of direct speech into indirect speech. It is classified into three forms of speeches. They are statement, question, and imperative. The analysis of direct and indirect speech will be discussed below:

The first article:

TEPCO shareholders demand end to N-power

Furious shareholders in the company that runs Japan's crippled Fukushima nuclear power station joined campaigners on Thursday to demand the permanent closure of the utility's atomic plants, as it held its annual meeting. Dozens of demonstrators with loudspeakers and banners said Tokyo Electric Power Co must act to avoid a repetition of the 2011 disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi plant, where three reactors went into meltdown after Japan's huge earthquake-sparked tsunami.

Japan shut down all 48 of its reactors in the wake of the Fukushima disaster, the country's worst nuclear crisis in a generation. The government and electricity companies, including TEPCO, would like to fire some of them up again - but public unease has so far prevented that, as has a new, more-effective watchdog.

There was pushing and shoving between security guards and demonstrators as they tried to approach TEPCO shareholders going into the annual meeting in Tokyo. Activists from conservation group Greenpeace wore full protective suits and industrial face masks to remind shareholders what evacuated families who lived near Fukushima must wear if they go back to check on their homes.

Katsutaka Idogawa, former mayor of the town of Futaba, where the crippled plant is located, lashed out at supporters of nuclear power, including TEPCO's management. "Why don't you get exposed to radiation yourself? Why don't you lose your homeland?" he asked as shareholders filed into Tokyo International Forum for the meeting. His town remains evacuated because of elevated levels of radiation, amid expectations that it will be decades before it is safe to return, if ever.


Idogawa - who bought TEPCO shares last year in a bid to influence the company's decisions - said the firm has been slow to offer compensation to those who lost homes, jobs, farms and their communities, and what they have offered has been inadequate. "You don't pay enough compensation and don't take responsibility. I can't forgive you!" he said.

The sentiment was echoed during the meeting by fellow shareholders whose communities host other nuclear plants. A woman from Niigata prefecture - where TEPCO hopes to restart reactors at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, the world's largest nuclear plant - also urged the company to put an end to its nuclear operations.

"Are we going to make the same mistake that we had in Fukushima, also in Niigata?" she said. "Fellow shareholders, please support this proposal of scrapping the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant ... and revitalizing the site with plans for renewable energy," she said.

TEPCO has argued that restarting selected reactors at Kashiwazaki-Kariwa is the key to ensuring the company's survival as it battles huge costs. The calls for an end to nuclear power were rejected on Thursday by TEPCO and a majority of its shareholders - which include a government-backed fund designed to rescue it, which holds 54.74 percent of outstanding stock. The government has poured billions of dollars into TEPCO to keep afloat the company that supplies electricity to Tokyo and its surrounding area.

The second article:

Policy Pragmatist

Few get excited as Narongchai Akrasanee about new e-mails coming in. As his smartphone buzzes across the coffee table, he politely asks, “Can I reply to a message quickly?”

His enthusiasm for this brief interruption is soon explained, “I’ve been invited to Peru to give a speech on Southeast Asia. How nice!” he says. A frequent globe-trotter and conference speaker, Narongchai, 69, is currently chairman of MFC Asset Management, Thailand’s oldest mutual fund management company. However, he is best known as a versatile economic heavyweight.

The former commerce minister was involved in Thailand’s economic policies throughout the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s. To date, Narongchai has also been an economist, professor, businessman, trade diplomat and adviser to various prime ministers and consultant to the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. He also cofounded the Thailand Development Research Institute, a leading policy think tank. But behind this variety of roles, there has been a consistency in theme. “I have shifted in my career in terms of who pays my salary,” he tells China Daily Asia Weekly. “But in terms of what I am doing, it’s the same. It’s all related to public policy.” 

Narongchai has been forging an impressive career path from a young age. At 29, he was the dean of the economics faculty at the prestigious Thammasat University in Bangkok and adviser to the Thai prime minister. 

Born into a family of civil servants in Bangkok, Narongchai grew up at a time when elite education was not usually affordable to students outside of the upper class. But thanks to scholarships, he was able to finance his education at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, then in Western Australia. A third scholarship, from the US-based Rockefeller Foundation, enabled him to complete a doctoral degree at Johns Hopkins University in the United States.

A move into politics from academia placed Narongchai center stage during the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. He was Thailand’s commerce minister, and advocated a free market economy and a flexible exchange rate.

Sitting in a coffee shop at the Island Shangri-La hotel in Hong Kong, Narongchai recalls the turbulence of those years. “When you float the currency, it has to be the right timing,” he says. But time was not on his side. The Thai central bank was forced to float the baht in 1997 due to a shortage of foreign reserves needed to continue its peg with the US dollar. “We were waiting for a calm sea to float the baht but it never came. We were floating the baht by default,” he says. “This is my regret in life.”

After the collapse of the baht, the crisis quickly spread and gripped much of Asia. But, in fact, signs of the crisis had been building as early as 1994. Thailand was in debt and its economy vulnerable to speculative attacks. 

It was at another hotel in Hong Kong, the Conrad, where an incident happened that underlines the fault lines in the Thai economy in the years before the crash. Narongchai at the time was chairman of the now-defunct General Finance, a Thai conglomerate with investments in property and securities.

He recalls that the glassy building was where he signed an agreement with a syndicated lender for a loan of $150 million — double the amount that his company had asked for. With the benefit of hindsight, he realizes that some obvious questions should have been asked. “Why did they offer money so easily? We should have been suspicious,” he says. 

It was a painful lesson. “This is what students learn in introduction to accounting 101 about balance sheets and indebtedness,” he says, “but people make mistakes.” Narongchai uses the phrase the “asymmetry of money” to describe how even highly trained economists can make errors.

“When you give money away, you feel bad. When people give you money, you feel good. When you are human beings, it’s difficult to be mindful about it.” But Narongchai has chosen to make the best out of the lessons learned and share his knowledge about hedging against a future crisis. His advice for regulators across the region is: Don’t get too much into debt.

“I warn people seriously we must manage our current debt position and current ratio very well,” he says. “When you don’t have liquidity in times of crisis, you are going to hurt badly. That high cost will kill you. You may not die right away, but slowly you’ll die.”

Thailand is undergoing a different type of turmoil today with ongoing anti-government protests. Narongchai believes the most pressing issue is to bring relief to the country’s rice farmers. “Farmers have very little savings,” he says. “We should do whatever it takes to save them.”

Since October, thousands of farmers have not been paid by the caretaker government led by Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra for rice submitted to the pledging scheme. “It’s a government (promise), not a tissue paper you clean your mouth with and throw away. In order not to let this happen again, we might need to scrap the scheme,” he says, stressing the need for Thai rice to remain competitive.

Narongchai’s interests are not limited to domestic affairs. He was a pioneer in pushing for free trade negotiations within ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation).

His years of hard work eventually translated into the ASEAN free trade area in 1992 and tariff reductions. “That was probably my major achievement,” he says. Moving forward, Narongchai believes the “China factor” is indispensable to the region’s prosperity. “China is so important for ASEAN, particularly for Thailand,” he adds.

Currently, business relations between China and Thailand are largely limited to trade and tourism. “We will move on to investments in infrastructure, which China is really good at,” he says. Narongchai has no plans to retire. “I am doing what I enjoy,” he says. “That’s why I can’t differentiate between work and leisure.”

In recent years, he has turned to the circuit of international conferences. He brings along history and philosophy books with him even on vacations. “Is reading a way to stay away from work or part of work? It depends on what you think,” he says.

He got into the habit of reading extensively about every topic he addresses in public speeches. “You can never learn enough no matter how much you read,” he says. Narongchai’s schedule is currently fully packed with business luncheons, company meetings and speaking engagements.

“When I say yes to something, I am committed to it. That is my style,” he says. But living a hectic life is by no means a sacrifice of work-life balance. “I am busy, but for the same reason I cannot fail in terms of health,” says Narongchai, a father of two with four grandchildren.

He has a routine that ensures he has time for exercise. For 40 years, he has walked 4 kilometers in 45 minutes every morning, followed by a slow breakfast and time to read the news before getting to work at 10am.

When asked if he regarded himself as successful, Narongchai answers with a smile, saying: “I first define success in terms of whether I can be financially and physically independent. “Secondly, it’s (the ability) to inspire. You don’t have to work very hard by then. They do it without you telling them.”

Narongchai is clearly working toward the latter. Attending an APEC event in Singapore is next on his schedule, followed by a trip to India to lecture a group of directors. “Don’t be surprised to see me again in Hong Kong in about a week’s time,” he jokes.

Source:
China Daily Asia Weekly newspaper, Page 32 ‖ Friday, March 21st 2014.


 I.     STATEMENT

a)    Direct speech:

In the first article; Paragraph 5, Line 3:

"You don't pay enough compensation and don't take responsibility. I can't forgive you!" he said.

       Indirect speech:

  He said that they didn’t pay enough compensation and didn’t take responsibility. He couldn’t forgive them!

Analysis: 
Because the reporting verb is in the past tense (i.e. said), we have to change the tense which is used in the direct speech. The two statements in the direct speech above use simple present tense. Hence, in the indirect speech, we have to change the simple present tense into the simple past tense. In this case, we have to change don’t pay into didn’t pay and also can’t forgive into couldn’t forgive.

In order to keep the same meaning of the sentence in the reported speech, we have to change the pronoun which is used in the direct speech. In the first statement, if I read the whole sentence in the fifth paragraph, I assumed that “You” in the reported statement relates to TEPCO shareholders. Hence, we have to change the second person plural “You” to the third person plural “They.” Whilst in the second statement, we have to change the pronoun “I” to “He” because the reporting statement uses the pronoun “he.” Then, we have to change the pronoun “you” to “them” because “you” is used as object in the second statement that relates to TEPCO shareholders.

When we would like to change the direct speech into indirect speech, we have to put the speaker’s words into a sentence without quotation mark. We can use the word “that” to introduce the reported speech. However, “that” can be omitted because it is optional.

b)    Direct speech:

In the second article; Paragraph 3, Line 6:

I have shifted in my career in terms of who pays my salary,” he tells China Daily Asia Weekly.

       Indirect speech:

       He tells China Daily Asia Weekly that he has shifted in his career in terms of who pays his salary.

Analysis:
The reporting verb in the direct speech above uses simple present tense (i.e. says). It means that we do not need to change the tense which is used in the indirect speech. The reported statement in the direct speech above uses present perfect tense, so we still use the present perfect tense in the indirect speech. However, we have to keep changing the pronoun which is used in the direct speech in order to keep the same meaning of the sentence in the indirect speech. The reporting statement in the direct speech uses pronoun “he.” Hence, we have to change the pronoun “I” to “He” and  “my” to “his.” Because the pronoun “I” has been changed to “He”, we also have to change the verb which is used, that is, have shifted into has shifted.

In the indirect speech, we can use either ‘say’ or ‘tell’. The meaning is the same, but the grammar is different. If we use ‘tell’, we need the object, but we cannot use the object if we use ‘say’. Because I use ‘tells’ as the introductory verb in the indirect speech, so I have to keep writing China Daily Asia Weekly as the object after the verb ‘tells’. We can use the word ‘that’ (optional) to introduce the reported speech, and without using quotation marks.

II.   QUESTION

a)    Direct speech:

In the first article; Paragraph 7, Line 1:

"Are we going to make the same mistake that we had in Fukushima, also in Niigata?" she said.

       Indirect speech:

She wondered whether they were going to make the same mistake that they had had in Fukushima, also in Niigata.

       Analysis:
To change yes/no question to a noun clause in indirect speech, we introduce the noun clause with if or whether. Yes/no question can be reported by using ask, want to know, wonder, and inquire. In this case, I use the word ‘wonder’. Because the reporting verb is in the past tense ‘said’, so we also have to use the past tense‘wondered’ in the reported speech. The direct question is in the simple future tense (be going to), so we need to change into the past future. Then, we have to change the question form ‘Are we going to’ by inverting the subject and the verb, and it becomes ‘they were going to’. Besides, there is a change of the tense which is used in that-clause, that is, the simple past tense into past perfect tense. We have to change the verb had into had had

The change of pronoun is required when we would like to change the direct speech into indirect speech. In this case, we have to change the pronoun’ we’ to ‘they’. In addition, the final punctuation mark (question mark) must be changed to a full stop (period) in the indirect speech.

b)    Direct speech:

In the second article; Paragraph 10, Line 4:

              Why did they offer money so easily?,” he says.

       Indirect speech:

              He wants to know why they offered money so easily.

       Analysis:
There is no change of tense when the reporting verb uses simple present tense (i.e. says). The direct question in the direct speech uses simple past tense, so we still use the simple past tense in the indirect speech. I use want to know to introduce the reported statement in the indirect speech, so they become He wants to know (in the present tense). Then, when we convert a direct question to an indirect one, the subject and verb have to be inverted. In this case, ‘Why did they’ become ‘why they offered’.

Because the direct question above uses Wh-question, we do not need to use if/whether, but we keep using ‘why’ to introduce the noun clause. In this case, there is no change of pronoun ‘they’ in the indirect speech. Then, we have to change the question mark to a full stop (period) in the indirect speech.

III.  IMPERATIVE

a)      Direct speech: 

In the first article; paragraph 7, second sentence:

  "Fellow shareholders, please support this proposal of scrapping the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant ... and revitalizing the site with plans for renewable energy," she said.

       Indirect speech:

She asked fellow shareholders to support that proposal of scrapping the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa nuclear plant ... and revitalizing the site with plans for renewable energy.
      
       Analysis:
I use the verb ‘ask’ as the introductory verb in the indirect speech. Because the reporting verb in the direct speech uses simple past tense, so we have to use ‘asked’ as the introductory verb in the indirect speech. If I read the direct imperative above, I assumed that the request is addressed to fellow shareholders. Hence, I use fellow shareholders as the object after the intoductory verb asked. The direct speech above uses affirmative imperative, so we have to use to + infinitive in the indirect speech. Please support becomes to support. Then, we have to change the demostrative ‘this’ to ‘that’.

b)    Direct speech:

In the second article; the last paragraph, line 3:

              Don’t be surprised to see me again in Hong Kong in about a week’s time,” he jokes.

       Indirect speech:

He asks not to be surprised to see him again in Hong Kong in about a week’s time.

       Analysis:
Because the reporting verb in the direct speech uses simple present tense (i.e. jokes), we also have to use the simple present tense in the introductory verb of the indirect speech. In this case, I use ‘asks’ as the introductory verb, but it is optional. We can use other verbs such as advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, tell, etc. The direct speech above is in negative imperative, so we use not to + infinitive (without to). Then, we have to change the object pronoun ‘me’ to ‘him’ because the reporting clause in the direct speech uses subject pronoun ‘he’. In the indirect speech, the pronoun object (e.g., me) can be omitted after ask.
      


Kamis, 02 Oktober 2014

The Analysis of Active and Passive Voices

I.     Active and Passive Voices


Active Voice
Passive Voice
Definition
The active voice is the most frequent, and it is tipically chosen to state something about the agent of an action (that is who does what). The agent is expressed as the grammatical subject and normally initiates the action.
The passive is a way of phrasing the sentence so that the subject does not refer to the person or thing responsible (directly or indirectly) for the action.

Ø   Be-Passive

The active and passive have different verb phrases, that is the passive has an additional auxiliary: a form of the auxiliary be followed by an –ed participle. Here are examples of corresponding active and passive verb phrases:

Active                          Passive
loves                             is loved
sold                              was sold
is fighting                     is being fought
has reconstructed         has been reconstructed
will proclaim                will be proclaimed
may have asserted        may have been asserted
                                      should be purifying      should be being purified

Active   :  A team of detectives (S) is investigating the crime (dO)
Passive  The crime (S) is being investigated by a team of detectives.

Active   The new management (S) has offered employees (iO) a better deal.
Passive  Employees (S) have been offered a better deal by the new management.

Ø   Passive without an Agent Phrase
Generally the passive sentence does not contain the by-phrase. Passives frequently occur without an agent phrase and are called agentless passives. The following is the example of this form:
The decision has already been taken.
He was immediately admitted to the hospital.

Ø   Passive in Adjective Phrase

If we would like to change adjective clause into adjective phrase, we have to omit the relative pronoun (who/which/that) and be in the adjective clause, for example:
              
                 Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in the board meeting are very good.
                 Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in the board meeting are very good. (Passive)


References:
R. Carter, M. McCarthy. 2006. Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide Spoken and Written English Grammar and Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
S. Greenbaum, G. Nelson. 2002. An Introduction to English Grammar (2nd ed). London: Longman Group.
Lou, Robby. 2006. English Grammar and How to Use it. Jakarta:V-Print.
Sulastri, Nunung Dwi. 2003. Fokus Taklukkan Toefl. Yogyakarta: Setia Pustaka.


II.        Discussion

        I try to find out and analyze the active and passive voices in an article from Jakarta Post newspaper which is entitled Govt turns to private firms as PLN struggles. The analysis of active and passive voices will be discussed below:
        Govt turns to private firms as PLN struggles
The government has invited private companies to invest in the power plant and power distribution business as state-owned electricity firm PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) appears unable to cope with high demand. Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry director general for electricity Jarman said his office was considering a new plan that would ensure electricity supply, including via developing integrated industrial zones. Under the new plan, a company can develop a power plant in a specific area and then use the transmission network operated by PLN to supply the industrial area.

“The model is called power wheeling. Under the model, the private company must pay a leasing cost. It must also pay a ‘cost of reliability’ to PLN, which will ensure the power supply if there’s problem with the power plant [belonging to the private company],” Jarman said.

He added private electricity firms could also develop their own transmission network, which could also be utilized by other companies (or open access network). Jarman said the new model was expected to encourage investors to build their own power generation capacity after the government decided to stop its power subsidy for big consumers, thus increasing electricity rates starting on May 1. 

The rate adjustment will be made every two months until the end of the year with an increase of 8.6 percent for industries with 200 kilovolt amperes (kVA) and 13.3 percent for industries with up to 30,000 kVA in consumption. The gradual increases will be equal to 38.9 percent and 64.7 percent in total for respective industries. The new model will aim to meet demand from industries.

“All this time, power generators have been built by PLN using the state budget or other government funding. Later, this will be conducted by private companies. The ability of PLN to develop power plant infrastructure is very limited while demand is huge,” Jarman said.

The country’s electrification ratio reached 80 percent at the end of last year. Meanwhile, the total electricity generation capacity touched 47,128 megawatts (MW) as of the end of 2013. Under PLN’s electricity procurement plan, Java and Bali will see an average increase of 7.6 percent per year in electricity demand during 2013 to 2022. The expected demand in the areas is estimated to reach 275 terawatt hours (TWh) by 2022 compared to 144 TWh in 2013.

In the same period, the eastern part of Indonesia is expected to report a demand of electricity of 46 TWh, up from last year’s level of 18.5 TWh, which is equal to an annual average growth of 11.2 percent. Meanwhile, Sumatra will have a 65.7 TWh demand by 2022 from a level of 26.5 TWh in 2013, equal to a 10.6 percent increase per year.

           To avoid any crisis, there should be an additional power plant capacity of 59.5 gigawatts (GW) in the period from 2013 to 2022. This means the country should see around a 6 GW additional capacity per year nationwide. Under PLN’s plan, the company will need to prepare US$125 billion in the next 10 years to meet the demand and suitable transmission networks, according to the company’s director for planning, Murtaqi Syamsuddin.

Source: Jakarta Post, Page 20 ‖ Business ‖ Monday, March 24th 2014

A.        Active Voice

1)         In paragraph 1, first sentence :

“The government has invited private companies to invest in the power plant and power distribution business as state-owned electricity firm PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) appears unable to cope with high demand.”

Analysis :

                        The government  has invited private companies
                                      S            aux   V-tr         DO
                                                              (V3)

The government is the grammatical subject and also the agent of the action. That subject actively performs the verb, and it actively “does” the verb invite to a direct object private companies. Besides, there is no be (been) either after auxiliary has or before the past participle invited. Hence, this sentence is in active voice. The tense which is used in the sentence is present perfect tense.

2)         In paragraph 1, third sentence:

“Under the new plan, a company can develop a power plant in a specific area and then use the transmission network operated by PLN to supply the industrial area.”

Analysis :
                        a company can develop a power plant in a specific area
                               S         aux   V-tr            DO               ADV/P
                                                    (V1)

            With referring to the sentence pattern above, it is obvious that the sentence is in active voice. A company is the grammatical subject and also the agent of the action. The subject actively performs the verb, and it actively “undertakes” the verb develop to a direct object (a power plant). This sentence uses simple present tense, and by using can as the modal auxiliary verb.

3)         In paragraph 2, first sentence:

“Under the model, the private company must pay a leasing cost.”

Analysis :
                        the private company  must  pay  a leasing cost.
                                      S                   aux   V-tr       DO
                                                                     (V1)       

            The sentence is in active voice because the subject actively performs the verb. The private company is the grammatical subject and also the agent of the action. It actively undertakes the verb pay to a direct object a leasing cost. The sentence uses simple present tense with the verb using must as the modal auxiliary verb.

4)         In paragraph 4, last sentence:

                        The new model  will    aim     to meet   demand  from industries.
                                            S                aux   V-intr    Inf        Object        PP      
                                                                         (V1)    (to+v1)

Analysis:       The new model is the grammatical subject. There is no object after the verb aim because it is intransitive verb. Although there is no object after the main verb aim, the sentence keeps being said as active voice. It is because the subject (the new model) actively performs the verb which is followed by infinitive (to+V1)+Object. The tense which is used in the sentence is simple future tense in the “will” form.

5)         In paragraph 1, first sentence:

                        The country’s electrification ratio reached 80 percent at the end of last year.
S                               V-tr       DO                  ADV/T
                                                                                 (V2)

Analysis:       The sentence pattern above shows that it is an active voice. There is no be (is/was) either after the subject or before the verb in the sentence. The country’s electrification ratio is the grammatical subject and also the agent of the action. The subject actively performs the verb, and it actively “undertakes” the verb reached to a direct object 80 percent. Hence, the sentence is in active voice, and it uses simple past tense.

B.        Passive Voice

1)         In paragraph 1, third sentence:

“Under the new plan, a company can develop a power plant in a specific area and then use the transmission network operated by PLN to supply the industrial area.”

Analysis:       In this case, operated by PLN can be said as a passive voice although there is no be (is/was) before the verb operated. It is because if I translate into Indonesian, the meaning of operated by PLN is dikelola oleh PLN. In the grammatical structure of Indonesian, passive voice is translated by using prefix di- or ter- (Lou, 2006:33). Besides the agent phrase (by PLN) in the sentence shows that PLN performs the action of the verb operated. Hence, it is obvious that operated by PLN is passive voice although there is no be before the verb operated. In English, we can change adjective clause into adjective phrase with omitting relative pronoun (who/which/that) and be in the adjective clause. This sentence uses simple present tense, and the transmission network is a noun. Hence, if the sentence is written in complete sentence, it becomes the transmission network which is operated by PLN.

2)         In paragraph 2, first sentence:

                                    The model is  called power wheeling.
                                           S          be    V-tr       Object
                                                              (V3)

Analysis:  The sentence is passive voice because the subject of the sentence is passive grammatically. The model isn’t doing anything although it is the grammatical subject of the sentence. Besides there is a be “is” before the past participle (V3) called. The sentence is called as agentless passive because it does not contain the by-phrase (agent phrase). It uses simple present tense because be which is used in the passive voice is “is”.

3)         In paragraph 4, first sentence:

                     “The rate adjustment will be made every two months until the end of the year with an increase of 8.6 percent for industries with 200 kilovolt amperes (kVA) and 13.3 percent for industries with up to 30,000 kVA in consumption.”

Analysis:
                                                
                                   The rate adjustment   will  be  made  every two months
                                                    S                 aux  be  V3            ADV/T
                                                                                    

            In this case, the rate adjustment as the subject of the sentence does not perform the action of the verb.  The subject is the receiver of the action. Hence, the sentence is called as passive voice. If we see the pattern of the sentence, it does not contain the agent phrase (by-phrase). The sentence therefore is called as agentless passive. This passive voice uses simple future tense.

4)         In paragraph 5, first sentence:

                         “All this time, power generators have been built by PLN using the state budget or other government funding.”

Analysis:
                                                power generators have  been  built  by PLN
                                                          S                 aux   be      V3      PP

            With referring to the pattern of the sentence above, it is obvious that the sentence is  passive voice. The subject power generators does not perform the action of the verb.  It is the receiver of the action (PLN). In other words, the agent phrase in the sentence is PLN that performs the action of the verb. This passive voice uses present perfect tense.

5)         In paragraph 5, second sentence:

                        Later, this  will   be  conducted by private companies.
                                    S     aux   be      V3                       PP

Analysis:    The sentence is obvious in passive voice. The subject (this) is passive grammatically. It is the receiver of the action (private companies). The sentence cannot be said as the agentless passive because it has an agent phrase (by private companies). Based on the sentence pattern above, the passive voice uses simple future tense in the "will" form.
 

NOTE:
S            :  Subject                                                   PP            : Prepositional Phrase
V-tr        :  Verb Transitive                                     V-intr       : Verb Intransitive     
DO        :  Direct Object                                         Inf            : Infinitive (to+V1)
ADV/PT:  Adverbial of Place or Time                  Aux          : Auxiliary Verb